Disease surveillance in England and Wales, May 2021

Veterinary RecordVolume 188, Issue 11 p. 418-422 SurveillanceFree Access Disease surveillance in England and Wales, May 2021 First published: 04 June https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.610Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text full-text accessPlease review our Terms Conditions of Use check box below share version article.I have read accept the Wiley Online Library UseShareable LinkUse link a this article with your friends colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Highlights from scanning network Cattle Udder cleft dermatitis APHA Investigation Centres (VICs) partner postmortem examination (PME) providers examined several cows ‘udder dermatitis’ (UCD; also referred as bovine ulcerative mammary dermatitis, foul udder, udder rot intertrigo). In recent case, two dairy cows, herd 350 died four days apart. The first was homebred heifer mid-lactation, which became sick passed dark faeces before death. second, submitted for PME, five-year-old cow high-yielding group 120 cows. It had been treated mastitis left front back quarters improving, but when it milked noticed black collapsed parlour. PME revealed ventral oedema marked inflammation an area UCD adjacent fore teat; thickness skin necrotic there bloody exudate (Fig 1). Widespread abscessation lobular consolidation were present throughout lungs. This pulmonary pathology consistent embolic pneumonia, likely originated UCD. addition, multiple ulcers abomasum intestinal contents red fluid. Fig 1Open figure viewerPowerPoint showing lesion site after cleaning debridement ABOUT THIS REPORT report is produced each month by Surveillance Intelligence Unit six Species Expert Groups (livestock wildlife). international horizon-scanning summaries are Defra/APHA International Monitoring (IDM) team, notifiable disease reports Exotic Notifiable (VENDU), threat analysis cross-agency Risk Group (VRG). drawn information, data non-APHA contributing Diagnosis Analysis (VIDA) database complying standardised diagnostic laboratory testing criteria. Other livestock wildlife may be found at www.gov.uk/government/collections/animal-disease-surveillance-reports DISEASE SURVEILLANCE HEADLINES cattle Pheasant ataxia south Sarcoptic mange alpaca Focus on swine dysentery multilocus sequence type dashboard Salmonella Montevideo isolated; infection secondary lesions, pneumonia abomasal ulceration. Previous cases UCD, similar pneumonic pathology, reported.1, 2 cause probably multifactorial Swedish herds identified conformation, parity other cow-related factors, addition herd-related risk factors such cubicle age length bedding.3 Early lesions not herdsmen, or their potential importance realised. recommended that prompt topical, possibly systemic, treatment instituted early stage. Portocaval thromboembolism Thromboembolism defined ‘the obstruction blood vessel thrombotic material carried origin plug another vessel’. sources emboli include sites inflammation, septic foot contaminated injection sites; however, thrombosis posterior vena cava most common. Two recently Shrewsbury VIC. ill 10 14 days, during time antibiotics non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, without significant improvement. Another signs reported over previous 250-cow herd. second herd, dead unexpectedly, one having previously. both animals large liver, protruding into 2), multifocal lung lobes. amount clotted within trachea bronchi, uncommon finding clinically bleeding nose they die. 2Open Posterior focally extensive abscess lumen A rumenitis caused acidosis considered liver; low pH acidic episodes damages rumen mucosa, allowing bacteria portal circulation. feeding these warranted. past years more portocaval identified, compared (49 diagnoses 2001–2010; 76 2011–2020), despite fewer PMEs Practitioners advised aware rising condition Wales. Small ruminants Fasciolosis possible triclabendazole resistance ewe six-year-old investigate weight loss intermittent submandibular oedema. farmer lost ewes total around 85 eight months signs. Only older affected replacements although all farm least years. Some improved shortly receiving triclabendazole–levamisole combination product. On carcase generally pale. liver small, pale pink grey surface diffusely rough 3). incision numerous adult Fasciola hepatica parenchyma many bile duct. 3Open Liver sheep small size, colour flukes diagnosis chronic, active fasciolosis made. As fluke seen product containing three weeks previously, failure possibility. Treatment occur due incorrect administration, expired equipment malfunction submitting veterinary surgeon explore initially. If no obvious issues found, vet suspect Medicines Directorate. Triclabendazole widespread across UK.4 Parasitology Research University Liverpool can provide faecal egg count reduction test establish whether present. However, losses occurring, immediate alternative (eg, closantel, nitroxynil albendazole) necessary prevent further pasture contamination. Adult F retrieved sent add its bank characterised isolates genome course. samples reliant tests, counts coproantigen ELISA, only detect patent infections (ie, infection). Antibody detection tests used first-season grazing infection, necessitate collection results take come back, hill situation mean returned grazing. developing penside based lateral flow format. will game changer diagnosing farm, enabling farmers employ targeted testing, occasions if necessary, guide slow development treatments. Pigs Nervous grower pigs 400 eight-week-old postweaned pen. Over develop swollen eyelids. Five dead. There antimicrobial treatment. Three submitted, nervous euthanased At gross eyelids 4), reddening skin, fine fibrin strands abdominal cavity slight excess serous fluid mild two. An incidental navel abscesses associated Trueperella pyogenes. 4Open Swollen eyelid pig Histologically, specific vascular changes tissue explain cause, thrombi lung, suggestive systemic inflammatory reaction septicaemia, endotoxaemia toxaemia). microscopic brain lesions. Heavy growths haemolytic Escherichia coli isolated intestine underwent E virulence PCR detected Stx2e Shiga toxin gene fedA F18 fimbrial clinical presentation indicating presence toxin-producing support being limited Histopathology bacteriology did indicate involvement differentials bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis water deprivation. Birds Gamebirds received neurological number pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) released 2020 single estate England. birds showed difficulty flying remained alert. To further, heads pheasants. Externally, numbers Ixodes ricinus ticks periocular birds. nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis degeneration Purkinje cells varying severity chronicity predominantly orientated cerebellum. history distribution those typically observed pheasant previously.5 character infectious though exact aetiology unknown. ataxia, noted therefore clear related. UK, louping common virus causing grouse, do commonly virus.6 Deer frequently estate, has area. flavivirus known mosquito-transmitted Bagaza virus. so far, recognised Spain.7 possibility diagnosed non-validated Flavivirus8 out sample Flavivirus infection. Further investigations ongoing attempt identify underlying aetiology. Hepatic haemorrhages cardiomyopathy breeding Penrith VIC involved investigation increased mortality Mortality dramatically course resulting avian disease. ruled grounds pens same air space healthy. Flubendazole ivermectin administered submission. birds, principal findings ascites 5) absence non-specific peracute acute cardiomyopathies well hepatic congestion. haemorrhages. 5Open pheasant. abundant fat deposits indicated good body Additional histopathological nephropathy bird, yolk peritonitis colisepticaemia third. Possible causes included toxic insult, particular ionophores, ionophores antibiotics, mycotoxins. Stress predator attack bullying considered. Given condition, nutritional deficiencies vitamin selenium) appeared unlikely. While insult responsible heart events. suspected, could identified. either culled, occurred since. noteworthy that, period, very case investigated again determine cause. Wildlife Wild Endoparasitism swan Severe endoparasitic Filicollis anatis schistosomes implicated death mute (Cygnus olor) part Diseases Scheme. poor 6). damage wall, predisposing infections. 6Open attached mucosa (fixed specimen) Schistosomes vasculature. Avian live compartments gut waterfowl species. microscopic, overlooked PME; they, histological examination. impact host variable depending status; exacerbated overall parasitic burden contributed Miscellaneous exotic farmed species South American camelids cria six-month-old male PME. shown malaise dead; week. Mange historical problem type. Faecal screening regularly employed parasites anthelmintic use limited. diffuse scaling surface, alopecia thickening perineum, head especially ears pinnae. thick encrusted abdomen 7). moderate volume feed gastrointestinal tract emaciated (with fat, perirenal epicardial fat), major visible. 7Open Thick crusts generalised sarcoptic Image: Bristol Microscopic superficial scrapes mounted liquid paraffin Sarcoptes mites. less than chorioptic camelids; response infestation some individuals.9-12 Coinfection Chorioptes alpacas reported.13 Marked pruritus usually distinct feature case; remainder unaffected visible What why certain seem susceptible others severe infestation. assumed inanition chronic mange. eradication mange, consideration should given treating period life cycles (at weeks). Camelids, respond poorly longer resolve mites disappear monitor licensed products assumed, various studies, Castilla-Castaño others,13 using under cascade, types managed subcutaneous administration times standard dose (for sheep) 200 μg/kg (assuming weighed accurately) every weeks, until improvement observed. macrocyclic lactones ectoparasites must countenanced terms endoparasites promoting resistance. individuals zoonotic spread14 need implemented. Ongoing monitoring would recommended. When suspecting species, camelids, valuable examine confirm nature activities major, new re-emerging animal outbreaks worldwide. done warning assess risks pose diseases health welfare, trade, public wider society. IDM assesses might UK through trade (legal illegal), movements wildlife, movement fomites vectors insects, carry These outbreak assessments decisions how manage reduce published online https://bit.ly/3ul7r6U following summarises April 2021. Highly pathogenic influenza April, HPAI H5N8 domestic poultry Europe Czech Republic (26 outbreaks), Germany (147), Poland (32), Russia (one) Sweden (one). wild (or captive) Austria (one), (two), Estonia (four), Finland France (69), Greece Italy Norway (five), (35) (10). H5Nx Bulgaria Belgium (three) Ukraine H5N1 Hungary Slovakia (11). H5N3 H5N4 (seven). H5N5 Romania (three), (four). H7N7 Lithuania Asia, Iran Iraq Japan Nepal (four) Korea (12). Israel Taiwan (five). H5N6 Vietnam (41) China Africa, Mali Africa (three). incursion continued low, exposure stringent biosecurity) medium (where biosecurity suboptimal). All keepers (including who keep gamebirds pet poultry) follow best practice advice available https://bit.ly/3vr3dfK Poultry requested remain vigilant any flock sign appropriate contact (see ‘Contacting APHA’, right). Details latest https://bit.ly/2SqJf5Y African fever Europe, (ASF) (117 (two). Outbreaks boar (28), (453), Latvia (16), (141), (165) (five) Elsewhere, ASF Malaysia (26) (1072). eastern circulating much Germany, close border Poland. kept review. More information https://bit.ly/34hYoJq, while Asia https://bit.ly/34kvokc Despite Covid-19 travel, still remains entry countries, including illegal imports. Although now EU, rules passengers travelling Great Britain EU yet changed controls introduced July travellers strongly avoid bringing pork parts Europe. Travellers third country areas bring meat face prosecution fine. Everyone observe swill ban. catering waste, kitchen scraps, animals, pets. introduction spread potentially devastating diseases, ASF, classical (CSF) foot-and-mouth (FMD). welfare problems economy (https://bit.ly/3fLcbgV). Information spot photos signs, https://bit.ly/2SkQFHX Classical five CSF pigs, 20 boar. Brazil Bluetongue bluetongue (BTV) April. Currently BTV low. Animals BTV-affected vaccinated against BTV-8 BTV-4. https://bit.ly/34gzrhE. https://bit.ly/3wy4scZ CONTACTING THE Telephone details nearest centre provider https://bit.ly/3wAK1Mm Anyone wishing suspicion disease, seeking guidance services, call Defra Rural Services Helpline 03000 301 out-of-hours facility reporting animals. Wales telephone 0300 303 8268. Scotland local Field office contacted. https://bit.ly/34dObxI Foot-and-mouth FMD Malawi (two; serotype pending) SAT1). region. Newcastle Bolivia. References 1Millar M, Foster A, Bradshaw J, et al. Embolic dermatitis. Vet Rec 2017; 180: 205– 6Wiley LibraryPubMedWeb Science®Google Scholar 2Turner Wood S, Millar M. farm. Case Rep 5:e000453 LibraryGoogle 3Ekman L, Nyman A-K, Landin H, Mild – prevalence herds. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101: 556– 71CrossrefCASPubMedWeb 4Kamaludeen Graham-Brown Stephens N, Lack efficacy farms regions 2019; 184: 502Wiley 5Welchman D, Ainsworth HL, Pennycott TW, ataxia: poults. 2000; 147: 93– 7Wiley 6Reid HW, Moss R. 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